Xyoo 2010, Geim thiab Novoselov yeej Nobel nqi zog hauv physics rau lawv txoj haujlwm ntawm graphene.Qhov khoom plig no tau ua rau muaj kev xav tob rau ntau tus neeg.Tom qab tag nrho, tsis yog txhua qhov kev sim khoom plig Nobel muaj ntau yam zoo li daim kab xev nplaum, thiab tsis yog txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb cov khoom yog tej yam yees siv thiab yooj yim to taub li "ob-seem siv lead ua" graphene.Cov hauj lwm hauv 2004 tuaj yeem muab tsub rau xyoo 2010, uas tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Nobel nqi zog nyob rau xyoo tas los no.
Graphene yog ib yam khoom uas muaj ib txheej ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms ze rau hauv ob sab ntawm honeycomb hexagonal lattice.Zoo li pob zeb diamond, graphite, fullerene, carbon nanotubes thiab amorphous carbon, nws yog ib yam khoom (cov khoom yooj yim) uas muaj cov ntsiab lus carbon.Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab hauv qab no, fullerenes thiab carbon nanotubes tuaj yeem pom raws li dov hauv qee txoj kev los ntawm ib txheej ntawm graphene, uas yog stacked los ntawm ntau txheej ntawm graphene.Kev tshawb fawb theoretical ntawm kev siv graphene los piav txog cov khoom ntawm ntau yam carbon yooj yim tshuaj (graphite, carbon nanotubes thiab graphene) tau kav ntev txog 60 xyoo, tab sis nws feem ntau ntseeg tias cov khoom siv ob sab no nyuaj rau kev ruaj khov nyob ib leeg, tsuas yog txuas mus rau peb-dimensional substrate nto los yog hauv cov khoom xws li graphite.Nws tsis yog txog xyoo 2004 uas Andre Geim thiab nws tus menyuam kawm ntawv Konstantin Novoselov stripped ib txheej ntawm graphene los ntawm graphite los ntawm kev sim uas cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm graphene tau txais kev txhim kho tshiab.
Ob leeg fullerene (sab laug) thiab carbon nanotube (nruab nrab) tuaj yeem suav tias yog dov los ntawm ib txheej ntawm graphene hauv qee txoj kev, thaum graphite (txoj cai) yog stacked los ntawm ntau txheej ntawm graphene los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm van der Waals quab yuam.
Niaj hnub no, graphene tuaj yeem tau txais ntau txoj hauv kev, thiab ntau txoj hauv kev muaj lawv tus kheej qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo.Geim thiab Novoselov tau txais graphene hauv txoj kev yooj yim.Siv daim kab xev pob tshab muaj nyob rau hauv cov khw muag khoom loj, lawv stripped graphene, ib daim ntawv graphite nrog tsuas yog ib txheej ntawm carbon atoms tuab, los ntawm ib daim ntawm high-order pyrolytic graphite.Qhov no yog qhov yooj yim, tab sis qhov kev tswj hwm tsis zoo, thiab graphene nrog qhov loj me ntawm tsawg dua 100 microns (ib feem kaum ntawm ib millimeter) tsuas tuaj yeem tau txais, uas tuaj yeem siv rau kev sim, tab sis nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kev siv rau cov tswv yim. daim ntawv thov.Tshuaj vapor deposition tuaj yeem loj hlob cov qauv graphene nrog qhov loj ntawm kaum ntawm centimeters ntawm cov hlau nto.Txawm hais tias thaj chaw uas muaj kev taw qhia zoo ib yam tsuas yog 100 microns [3,4], nws tau tsim nyog rau cov kev xav tau ntawm qee qhov kev siv.Lwm txoj hauv kev yog ua kom sov lub silicon carbide (SIC) siv lead ua kom ntau tshaj 1100 ℃ hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev, kom cov silicon atoms nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw evaporate, thiab cov roj carbon atoms ntxiv yog rov qab, uas tuaj yeem tau txais cov qauv graphene nrog cov khoom zoo.
Graphene yog cov khoom siv tshiab nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb: nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo li tooj liab, thiab nws cov thermal conductivity zoo dua li cov khoom siv paub.Nws yog pob tshab heev.Tsuas yog ib feem me me (2.3%) ntawm qhov teeb meem ntsug pom lub teeb yuav raug nqus los ntawm graphene, thiab feem ntau ntawm lub teeb yuav dhau mus.Nws yog ntom heev uas txawm tias helium atoms (cov pa roj tsawg tshaj plaws) tsis tuaj yeem hla.Cov khoom siv dag zog no tsis yog ncaj qha los ntawm graphite, tab sis los ntawm quantum mechanics.Nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb thiab kho qhov muag txiav txim siab tias nws muaj kev thov dav dav.
Txawm hais tias graphene tsuas yog tshwm sim rau tsawg dua kaum xyoo, nws tau pom ntau yam kev siv, uas tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv cov haujlwm ntawm physics thiab cov khoom siv science.Nws siv sijhawm ntau tshaj kaum xyoo lossis ntau xyoo rau cov ntaub ntawv dav dav kom txav los ntawm chav kuaj mus rau lub neej tiag.Dab tsi yog kev siv graphene?Cia peb saib ob qho piv txwv.
Mos pob tshab electrode
Hauv ntau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv pob tshab yuav tsum tau siv los ua electrodes.Hluav taws xob saib, tshuab xam zauv, TVs, kua siv lead ua kua, cov ntxaij vab tshaus kov, hnub ci vaj huam sib luag thiab ntau lwm yam khoom siv tsis tuaj yeem tawm hauv lub neej ntawm pob tshab electrodes.Cov pob tshab pob tshab electrode siv indium tin oxide (ITO).Vim yog tus nqi siab thiab cov khoom siv tsawg ntawm indium, cov khoom siv yog nkig thiab tsis yooj yim, thiab cov electrode yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv nruab nrab txheej ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev, thiab tus nqi kuj yog siab heev.Tau ntev, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim nrhiav nws qhov hloov pauv.Ntxiv rau qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom pom tseeb, kev ua tau zoo thiab kev npaj tau yooj yim, yog tias qhov yooj yim ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej yog qhov zoo, nws yuav tsim nyog rau kev ua "daim ntawv hluav taws xob" lossis lwm yam khoom siv foldable.Yog li ntawd, kev hloov pauv kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev.Graphene yog cov khoom siv zoo li no, uas tsim nyog rau cov pob tshab electrodes.
Cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Samsung thiab chengjunguan University hauv Kaus Lim Qab Teb tau txais graphene nrog kab pheeb ces kaum ntev ntawm 30 ntiv tes los ntawm cov tshuaj vapor deposition thiab xa mus rau 188 micron tuab polyethylene terephthalate (PET) zaj duab xis los tsim cov graphene raws li lub vijtsam kov [4].Raws li pom hauv daim duab hauv qab no, cov graphene loj hlob ntawm cov ntawv ci tooj liab yog thawj zaug sib txuas nrog cov thermal stripping daim kab xev (xiav pob tshab ib feem), ces cov ntawv ci tooj liab yog yaj los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj, thiab thaum kawg cov graphene raug xa mus rau PET zaj duab xis los ntawm cua sov. .
Tshiab photoelectric induction khoom
Graphene muaj qhov tshwj xeeb kho qhov muag.Txawm hais tias tsuas muaj ib txheej ntawm atoms, nws tuaj yeem nqus tau 2.3% ntawm lub teeb tawm hauv tag nrho cov wavelength ntau yam los ntawm pom lub teeb mus rau infrared.Tus lej no tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam khoom siv ntawm graphene thiab txiav txim siab los ntawm quantum electrodynamics [6].Lub teeb absorbed yuav ua rau tiam neeg nqa khoom (electrons thiab qhov).Kev tsim thiab kev thauj mus los ntawm cov neeg nqa khoom hauv graphene yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hauv ib txwm siv semiconductors.Qhov no ua rau graphene zoo heev rau ultrafast photoelectric induction khoom.Nws tau kwv yees tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob photoelectric induction tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm qhov zaus ntawm 500ghz.Yog tias nws siv rau cov teeb liab kis tau tus mob, nws tuaj yeem kis tau 500 billion xoom lossis ib tus thib ob, thiab ua kom tiav cov ntsiab lus ntawm ob lub Blu ray discs hauv ib thib ob.
Cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau siv graphene los tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob photoelectric uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm 10GHz zaus [8].Ua ntej, graphene flakes tau npaj rau ntawm silicon substrate npog nrog 300 nm tuab silica los ntawm "kab kab xev tearing txoj kev", thiab ces palladium kub los yog titanium kub electrodes nrog ib ncua ntawm 1 micron thiab ib tug dav ntawm 250 nm tau ua rau nws.Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, graphene raws li photoelectric induction ntaus ntawv tau txais.
Schematic daim duab ntawm graphene photoelectric induction khoom thiab scanning electron microscope (SEM) cov duab ntawm cov qauv tiag tiag.Cov kab luv luv dub hauv daim duab sib raug rau 5 microns, thiab qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov kab hlau yog ib micron.
Los ntawm kev sim, cov kws tshawb nrhiav pom tias cov hlau graphene hlau qauv photoelectric induction ntaus ntawv tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov ua haujlwm zaus ntawm 16ghz feem ntau, thiab tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm kev kub ceev hauv lub wavelength ntawm 300 nm (ze ultraviolet) txog 6 microns (infrared), thaum. cov tsoos photoelectric induction raj tsis tuaj yeem teb rau lub teeb infrared nrog ntev wavelength.Kev ua hauj lwm zaus ntawm graphene photoelectric induction khoom tseem muaj chav zoo rau kev txhim kho.Nws qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ua rau nws muaj ntau yam ntawm daim ntawv thov kev cia siab, nrog rau kev sib txuas lus, kev tswj chaw taws teeb thiab kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig.
Raws li cov khoom siv tshiab nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb, kev tshawb fawb ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm graphene tau tshwm sim ib zaug.Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau peb sau lawv ntawm no.Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, tej zaum yuav muaj cov nyhuv field tubes ua los ntawm graphene, molecular keyboards ua los ntawm graphene thiab molecular detectors ua los ntawm graphene nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub… Graphene uas maj tawm los ntawm lub laboratory yuav ci nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub.
Peb tuaj yeem cia siab tias ntau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siv graphene yuav tshwm sim yav tom ntej.Xav txog seb nws yuav nthuav npaum li cas yog tias peb lub xov tooj smartphones thiab netbooks tuaj yeem muab dov, clamped ntawm peb pob ntseg, ntim rau hauv peb lub hnab ris, lossis qhwv peb lub dab teg thaum tsis siv!
Post lub sij hawm: Mar-09-2022